Geography: 自然资源学

Introduction

通过长期的生产实践与科学研究，人民逐渐认识到自然界的任何成分都不是孤立存在的。它们相互联系、相互作用、相互制约，构成具有一定结构和功能的系统。

生态系统的一些基本理论，特别是它的整体观（holism）、综合观（synthesis）以及结构（组成、空间、时间、营养）、功能、动态与演替等方面的理论，对自然资源的研究有着重要意义。

人类不可能在改变一种自然资源或生态系统中某种成分的同时，又使其周围的环境保持不变。

生态学第一定律即生态反冲原理（first law of ecology，or principle of ecological backlash）人类在自然界中所做的每一件事都会产生一定的后果。

生态学第二定律即生态关联原理（second law of ecology，or principle of chemical interrelatedeness）：自然界的每一件事物都与其他事物相联系，人类的全部活动亦处于这种联系之中。

生态学第三定律即化学上不干扰原则（third law of ecology，or principle of chemical non interference）：人类产生的任何化学物质都不应干扰地球上的自然事物地球化学循环，否则地球上的生命支持系统将不可避免地退化。

References

[1] 蔡运龙. 自然资源学原理（第二版）. 北京: 科学出版社, 2007.

The Four Laws of Ecology

Formulated by physicist and ecologist, Barry Commoner.

1. Everything is connected to everything else. There is one ecosphere for all living organisms and what affects one, affects all.
2. Everything must go somewhere. There is no "waste" in nature and there is no "away" to which things can be thrown.
3. Nature knows best. Humankind has fashioned technology to improve upon nature, but such change in a natural system is, says Commoner, "likely to be detrimental to that system"
4. There is no such thing as a free lunch. Exploitation of nature will inevitably involve the conversion of resources from useful to useless forms.

Barry Commoner. The Closing Circle: Nature, Man, and Technology (1st Edition). New York: Random House Inc., 1971.

The Four Laws of Ecology: The Clearest Explanation of What Ecology Really Means.